Accounting - Internal Cash Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting - Internal Cash Control - Essay Example This will help the company to shift from manual processes to automated processing. Lastly, a safe should be provided where all blank checks are stored and access should only be provided to the treasurer or whoever, is entitled to sign checks. Guard Dog Company has brought stringent changes to their system which will help them use their cash well and avoid any mistakes in cash disbursements. Guard Dog has applied the following principles in their attempt to strengthen their internal cash control for cash disbursements. Firstly, Guard Dog’s approach to eradicate manually preparation of checks has been in pursuance of a principle known as ‘Documentation procedure’. All checks are to be numbered and written after receiving approved invoices. Multiple payments can be avoided through this process. Secondly, another principle that the company has applied is ‘establishment of Responsibility’. The principle requires designation of personnel, preferably treasurer, to write any disbursement check. The company has assigned Tom Kimball, the treasurer, or Karen Thews, the assistant treasurer, to make all check disbursements. Fourthly, the company has applied ‘segregation of duties’ principle as well. According to this principle, different individuals approve and make payments. In this case, the invoice should be approved by Jane Bell, the purchasing agent, and Dennis Kurt, the receiving department supervisor. After the approval is given, the checks would be written by either the treasurer or his assistant. This will help them minimize the potential for theft. Fifthly, a principle that is essential to strengthen cash control is the application of ‘Physical, mechanical and Electronic Controls’. This principle requires the company to store blank checks in safes with limited access (Harrison, 2008). The company has obeyed to this principle by storing all blank checks in a safe in the treasurer’s

Aseptic Technique And Cell Counting Biology Essay

Aseptic Technique And Cell Counting Biology Essay Introduction to Aseptic techniques In microbiological and biochemical engineering studies, one almost always deals with a pure culture or a mixture of known cultures, except perhaps in waste water treatment studies. Unless aseptic culture techniques are followed strictly, an originally pure culture will definitely become contaminated with other unwanted species. The use of a contaminated culture with unknown microorganisms will only lead to incredible results that are of little value. Thus, isolation and maintenance of a pure culture is of utmost importance in many microbiological studies. It is especially important to work with a well-characterised strain if the microorganism is used for a food preparation, as well as in antibiotic production where the product is to be taken internally. The need for a clean working environment in biological engineering studies is a must and cleanliness is the prerequisite for any meaningful work. The environment we live in is full of microorganisms capable of surviving in any condition. When working with microorganisms it is desirable to work with a pure culture. A pure culture is composed of only one kind of microorganism. Occasionally a mixed culture is used. In a mixed culture there are two or more organisms that have distinct characteristics and can be separated easily. In either situation the organisms can be identified. When unwanted organisms are introduced into the culture they are known as contaminants. Aseptic technique is a method that prevents the introduction of unwanted organisms into an environment. An example of using aseptic techniques is when growing bacteria; aseptic techniques are carried out to prevent the contamination of the culture. When working with microbial cultures aseptic technique is used to prevent introducing additional organisms into the culture. Microorganisms are everywhere in the environment. When dealing with microbial cultures it is necessary to handle them in such a way that environmental organisms do not get introduced into the culture. Microorganisms may be found on surfaces and floating in air currents. They may fall from objects suspended over a culture or swim in fluids. Aseptic technique prevents environmental organisms from entering a culture. Doors and windows are kept closed in the laboratory to prevent air currents which may cause microorganisms from surfaces to become airborne. Once these microbes are airborne they are more likely to get into cultures. Agar plates are held in a manner that minimizes the exposure of the surface to the environment. When removing lids from tubes, lids are held in the hand and not placed on the countertop during the transfer of materials from one tube to another. Introduction and aims of this report This report was based on two lab sessions; the reason for undertaking two lab sessions was to allow time for the culture to grow. In these sessions the objective was to learn basic aseptic techniques that are required in a lab, and also to learn how to count cells effectively using different methods. Another thing which was trying to be achieved was to be able to grow a colony of bacteria from a single cell by doing streak plating and serial dilution. Overview of practices and uses of aseptic techniques The laboratory session involved learning about the aseptic techniques. These aseptic techniques are important in a lab because they help keep the lab sterile, and sterility is vital in a lab because it allows the scientist to study and grow the bacteria they require accurately. Sterility is also important in preventing bacteria that are not required from replicating and growing on the sterile growth medium or the agar plate. There were a few aseptic techniques we had to follow while working with bacterias and sterile growth medium. To prevent the growth medium from being contaminated by air bore bacteria and other free floating matter, a Bunsen burner was set up near where the growth medium and bacteria samples were to be used. The Bunsen burner created a convection current that killed and destroyed most of the air borne bacteria and other free floating matter near the work station. This reduced the chance of the growth medium and bacteria samples from being contaminated. The Bunsen burner was also set up to allow the use of another technique called flaming. This technique involves passing through the flame of the burner anything that has come in to contact of any bacteria or anything that is about to come in to contact of the bacteria sample. The items that are flamed are lab equipment such as bacteriological loops, glass pipette and bottle or flask necks. The items must reach a temperature of over 100 oC for it to be sterilized. Another aseptic technique is called manipulation. In this technique the smallest finger is used to remove the lid of the bottle containing the bacteria; this allows the rest of the fingers to pick up anything else that is required. This technique also ensures the lid of the bottle is not placed down onto the bench where it is liable to contamination and thus contaminating the culture of bacteria in the bottle. The last but the most important aseptic technique is who someone prevents bacteria from themselves contaminating the lab and the equipment. Every person carries a large amount of bacteria inside and the outside of the body. When working with bacteria in a lab, we had to wearing a lab coat, this prevent bacteria from our clothes and bodies spreading out in the lab. Also we had to be careful that we dont cough or sneeze on the growth medium, as this would lead to the growth of the bacteria released by the body. Also after performing the experiment it was vital that hands were washed with antibacterial soap to help prevent cross contamination. If hands are not washed correctly and if bacteria are still left on hands they are able to multiply at an exponential rate and can cause bacterial infections. The first part of the experiment was to see the different variation and amount of bacteria on hands pre wash and after wash. This was done by placing the fingers in a Petri dish with nutrient agar. Nutrient agar is a microbiological growth medium commonly used for the routine cultivation of bacteria. The dish was separated in two and was labelled with one side of dish having prints from pre washed fingers and the other side after wash. The dish was then placed into incubation at 37 degrees as it is the optimum temperature where bacteria are able to multiply at an exponential rate depending on some factors an example being the amount of food available or space. The next part of the experiment consisted of doing a streak plate. This was done using the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Small sample of the bacteria SA was taken and put on a on a sterile loop and streak an agar medium. An example of the streak plate which was carried out is shown on the diagram below: Diagram to show procedure of streak plating    1.   Flame the loop and wire and streak a loopful of broth as at A in the diagram.    2.   Reflame the loop and cool it.    3.   Streak as at B to spread the original bacteria over more of the agar.    4.   Reflame the loop and cool it.    5.   Streak as at C, D E and F following same procedure after each streak as quoted above.    6.   Label the plate and incubate it inverted. The next part of the first session was to do serial dilution. This allows you to determine the number of cells in a bacterial culture. Since bacterial cell numbers are usually very high in the original sample, plating out this sample in an undiluted fashion would just lead to the creation of a bacterial lawn (a smear of many, many individual bacteria colonies that are all growing next to or on top of one another). Bacterial cell numbers need to be reduced, which is done by repeatedly diluting the amount of bacteria in the sample. A small amount of bacteria sample is mixed with a diluent solution (such sterile broth), and then successive dilutions are made. A small amount of each of the diluted bacteria samples is then spread onto an agar plate. The numbers of bacteria colonies that grow on each plate are counted. By working backwards using multiplication with the dilution factor (the number of times that you have diluted the bacteria sample with the diluent solution), we were able to make a determination of the numbers of bacteria in the original sample. After the dilutions were created 100  µl of each dilution was transferred to an agar plate using a pipette, it was then spread around the agar plate with a spreader. These six agar plates were then put into incubation at 37  °C for 24 hours. When spreading the bacterial lawn the plate with the dilution level 10-5 was done first and then th e others 10-4, 10-3, 10-2 .this is because the spreader which was used was plastic so the lower concentrated bacterium was spread first as the plastic spreader could not be flamed to kill the bacteria. If this aseptic technique was not used and the highest concentration of bacteria was used first it would have meant that the bacterial dishes would have become contaminated and also single colonies of bacteria would not be gained. If a glass spreader was used then it could have done in ascending order as the glass could be flamed by placing ethanol on the surface killing the bacteria on the glass spreader before doing the next part of the serial dilution. The final part of the first lab sessions was to prepare smears of bacteria for gram staining. Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. The Gram stain procedure distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by colouring these cells pink or purple. Gram positive bacteria stain purple due to the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet these cells are stained with. Alternatively, Gram negative bacteria stain pink, which is attributed to a thinner peptidoglycan wall, which does not retain the crystal violet during the decolouring process. Gram staining involves three processes: staining with a water-soluble dye called crystal violet, decolourisation, and counterstaining, usually with safanin. Due to differences in the thickness of a peptidoglycan layer in the cell membrane between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, Gram positive bacteria (with a thicker peptidoglycan layer) retain crystal violet stain during the decolourisation process, while Gram negative bacteria lose the crystal violet stain and are instead stained by the safranin in the final staining process. The process involves three steps: 1. Cells are stained with crystal violet dye. Next, a Grams iodine solution (iodine and potassium iodide) is added to form a complex between the crystal violet and iodine. This complex is a larger molecule than the original crystal violet stain and iodine and is insoluble in water. 2. A decolouriser such as ethyl alcohol or acetone is added to the sample, which dehydrates the peptidoglycan layer, shrinking and tightening it. The large crystal violet-iodine complex is not able to penetrate this tightened peptidoglycan layer, and is thus trapped in the cell in Gram positive bacteria. Conversely, the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria is degraded and the thinner peptidoglycan layer of Gram negative cells is unable to retain the crystal violet-iodine complex and the colour is lost. 3. A counter stain, such as the weakly water soluble safranin, is added to the sample, staining it pink. Since the safranin is lighter than crystal violet, it does not disrupt the purple coloration in Gram positive cells. However, the decolourised Gram negative cells are stained pink. (The descriptive methods are shown in the handbook for all experiments.) Results for the gram staining After following the method as stated in the handbook we examined the slides under a microscope using the oil immersion objective of 100x. We then noted the shape of the bacteria that could be seen and the colour being purple (Gram positive) or pink (Gram negative). Below are the traces of the bacteria which could be seen under the microscope. Figure 1 Staph aureus gram positive (purple) Description of what could be seen: Cocci shaped bacteria Irregular clusters of bacterial cells Figure 2 Bacillus cereus gram positive (purple) Description of what could be seen: Rod shaped bacterial cell Singular bacteria Figure 3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae gram positive (purple) Description of what could be seen: Cocci shaped bacteria Clusters of bacteria closely packed Smooth Figure 4 E-coli gram negative (pink) Description of what could be seen: Rod shaped bacteria cells Linked (string like, filamentous) Results of the experiments After 24 hours the agar plates with the bacteria were ready to be viewed. Firstly the agar dishes with the hand prints were viewed. Below is a diagram of the agar dish and the bacteria which was present: There are different bacteria which were present while observing the dish, they were the following A The first bacteria which were seen and labelled as A were the largest of the three visible colonies which are circle in shape and yellow in colour with smooth edges, they can be seen to have a slightly humped surface. B These are slightly smaller in size than the ones described above and are also circle in shape but are white in colour, again the edges are smooth and the surface is humped. C- These bacterium were only seen after washing hands they had no specific shape and were a lighter colour which was not very clear. They were flat with rough edges. Before wash After wash The next dish which was observed was the streak plating dish, this had been left to incubate for 24 hours also. The results are shown on the picture below: A sample of Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated onto an agar plate using the streak plate method. From this diagram it can be seen that part 1 shows a higher concentration of bacteria. Parts 2, 3 have fewer bacteria but still there are very few single colonies. Part 4 shows many different single colonies of Staphylococcus aeurus and are easily visible. The final dish which was viewed after 24 hours of incubation was the dish containing Staphylococcus aureus where it had been diluted to 10-5. These results can be seen below where there is diagram of the Petri dish including the bacterium. From counting the colonies on the dish the figure which was calculated was 486. The amount of colonies calculated was still quite high as the preferred number of colonies would have been from 30-300. This may have been achieved if the serial dilution was carried further. To calculate the amount of cells in this agar plate first the following was done: 0.1ml of solution = 4.8610-2 (486) 1ml of solution = 4.8610-3 so as it was the serial dilution of 10-5 the calculation was then multiplied by 5 to give the final answer number of bacterial cells = 4.8610-8 The last part of the lab session was to count cells using an Improved Neubauer Counting Chamber also sometimes known as a haemocytometer. The main objective of this session was to be able to calculate the total cells in the given sample. Below is a diagram of a haemocytometer with the slide placed over it: The haemocyometer contains 9 large squares under the microscope at the 40X lens. The area of the square can be measured at 1mm2. The way to distinguish these squares from one another is by the tripe dense lines. Within each large square there are smaller grids which can be used to help during counting. Also when the counting the bacteria cells there was a set way to do this as shown below in the diagram:- Bacterial cells So as can be seen in the diagram if the bacteria cells are at placed on the edge of the small squares then they will not be recorded. The orange lines representing cells will not be recorded as they are the end of the grid. 3 dense line separating each large square The way the cells were counted was to identify which squares were going to be used to observe and calculate the number of bacteria present. The way this was done was there were 9 squares and only 5 squares were chosen as shown in the diagram below: Squares 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 were the squares which were used to count the bacteria. Once the haemocytometer was set and the proposed samples were placed into the counting chambers and then placed under a microscope to view (extended method is described in the module handbook). The cell count was done for two different cell suspensions whole blood (ovine) and brewers yeast (Saccharomyces cervisiae) the samples were not diluted. They were then counted and the results are shown in the table below. Table to show cell count from haemocytometer for the whole blood Square Number Number Of Cells Present 1 50 2 48 3 47 4 48 5 44 Total 237 To calculate the total cell count in the neat solution a calculation was needed. Firstly the average number of cells was needed to be worked out. The sum was 237/5=47.4. To work out the cell number it was multiplied by 110-4=4.7410-5 So then finally to work out the cell yield the number of cells/ml was used which was 4.710-5 and was multiplied by the total volume of 10ml and thus the yield calculated was 4.7410-6. Table to show cell count from haemocytometer for the Brewers yeast Square Number Number Of Cells Present 1 22 2 20 3 15 4 9 5 15 total 81 The same steps were taken to work out the cell number and yield for the Brewers yeast. Cell number = 1.6210-5 Cell Yield = 1.6210-6 Table to show cell number and cell yield of both samples Brewers yeast Whole blood Cell number 4.7410-4 1.6210-5 Cell yield 4.7410-6 1.6210-6 Discussion of results In this part of the report I will refer to the results obtained and assess if they were accurate or not to the study of aseptic techniques. Firstly the practical which involved looking at bacteria on the skin showed that after washing there was fewer bacteria but another form of bacterial cells started to grow. The reason for this could have been that when closing the taps I may have used my hands. The taps in the lab are made o be closed by the wrist so the bacteria is unable to come in contact with the surface of your hands. The reason for this is because if you wash your hands and then close the taps with your hands again then you are just collecting the bacteria off the taps again. In some cases the amount of microbacterium on the skin can increase after washing, this is because by covering the skin with water you are making conditions for microrganisms more favourable and thus more will grow. It is therefore understandable that the growth of microorganisms will depend upon the c hemical composition of the skin, for example if it is dry or whether it has a low pH. Most microorganisms that are present on the skin are located near hair follicles or sweat glands this is because they provide the nutrients and the correct environment for there growth. Also another reason for the bacteria still being there after washing hands on the agar dish was because of the process of washing hands. The process of washing hands should be done surgically as there is not such thing as part sterile. So to make sure that all germs and bacteria are washed away from skin the procedure of hand washing should be followed correctly. There are over 100 different types of bacteria on hands. The most common types of bacteria found on hands are familiar household names: Propionobacterium (the bacteria responsible for acne), strep, and staph (of which the infamous methicillin resistant staph aureus, MRSA is a subtype). Not all these bacteria are harmful as skin infections do not arise because you have bacteria on your skin. Rather, they arise because the type of bacteria on infected skin is not healthy bacteria but aggressive pathogenic bacteria. Streak plating discussion From looking at the results obtained from the streak plating it can be seen that the streak plate was not very accurate as the intended result was not achieved. The aim of this experiment was to try and gain single colonies but the problem with the streak plate which I had carried out was that there was not enough room for the single colonies to advance. This was because the initial inoculation streaks were too thick and so took up too much space thus leaving little space in the middle of the plate for single colonies. It is therefore required that the initial streaks are made thinner and cover, as a rough estimate, the outer 2cm of the agar plate thus, leaving plentiful space at the centre of the plate for single colonies to grow. The problem with this procedure is that each colony may not represent the progeny from one cell, as two or more cells which are very close together could appear as one colony. Another problem which may have caused difficulty achieving single colonies may h ave been the concentration of the bacteria. If the bacteria were diluted it may have helped to achieve single colonies. The single colonies which were achieved were all similar to one another this shows that the bacterium which was present in them colonies was the same bacteria. This was achieved as the inoculating loop was sterilised each time so only the bacterium which was being used grew on the agar dish. Gram Staining In this part of the practical there were four different bacteria which were tested by using the gram staining process to see if they were gram positive or gram negative. The first bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae which were gram positive bacterium as after testing the bacteria under the microscope it showed that it was stained purple. The SA under the microscope was seen like a bunch of grapes as its names suggest as Staphyle in Greek terms meant grapes. Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium, frequently living on the skin or in the nose of a healthy person that can cause illnesses ranging from minor skin infections and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis and septicemia. The Bacillus cereus is a facultative anaerobic bacterium associated with food poisoning in humans. The food poisoning is a result of ingesting toxins produced by the bacteria. B. cereus is widespread in the soil and the food industry in such foods as herbs, spices, milk, and vegetables. Transmission of this disease results not only from contaminated foods, but also from improper food handling/storage and improper cooling of cooked food. The bacteria seen under the microscope and as can be seen in the diagram (figure 2) shows the bacteria as rod shaped bacteria which do not cluster together and are separated around the slide, in different directions and are not in any particular order as they all in different angles. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also known better as yeast which could be used for baking or used while making alcohol. These cells where seen under the microscope as single cells which were rounded shaped cells and were closely packed together in groups. The last bacterium was the E. coli which was stained pink as this was a gram negative bacterium. This bacterium is found in animals and birds in the lower intestines it helps with the digestion of food. If E. coli is ingested it will cause the small intestine to become inflamed. People can contract an E. coli infection by drinking contaminated water, eating fruit or vegetables that have been watered with contaminated water, drinking unpasteurised milk, or eating undercooked ground meat. In Gram-positive cells, peptidoglycan makes up as much as 90% of the thick cell wall; more than 20 layers of this polymer stacked together. These peptidoglycan layers are the outermost cell wall structure of Gram positive cells, whereas in Gram negative cells, the thinner peptidoglycan component is covered by an external lipopolysaccharide (LPS) membrane. Serial dilution agar dish 10-5 This practical was done to see if individual colonies were able to be produced so the cells could be counted. The main aim was to reach from 30 -300 individual colonies. The amount of colonies which I produced in my agar dish was calculated and counted at 486. The method used was to try and calculate the number of cells in 1 ml solution of SA. This could only be done by serial dilution as it would be too difficult to count the cells if the bacterium solution was not diluted. The other dishes had too many colonies to count just by using the naked eye because it looked like a bacteria lawn. To try and achieve a better result and fewer colonies the experiment could have gone further and instead of having a concentration of 10-5 the solution could have been diluted further. By diluting down the solution it also allows the bacterium to grow in optimum conditions as they do not have problems such as less space or food. Cell counting using a haemocytometer In this part of the practical two solution were supplied and cells were counted by the use of a haemocytometer and a microscope. While counting the bacteria it may have been misjudged as some bacteria may not have been counting this is one reason why the number recorded were quite low as the solution was not diluted as well. Also when counting the bacteria its a total cell count so it is the living and dead bacteria so the results are not as accurate if only doing a live cell count. A better idea would be to do a serial dilution when doing a live cell count as only the living cells will grow into individual colonies. For the whole blood the amount of cells which were calculated was 237 and in the brewers yeast there were 81 cells. A reason for the brewers yeast having less amount of cells maybe that the cells form flocks of cells so it may be hard to visually see separate cells so when counting them a few cells may be counted as one cell. Also when counting these cells the same perso n was used to count the cells in both solution the reason for this being as different people have different judgments and by using the same person it will help gain fair and more accurate results.

We Should Not Reinstate the Military Draft :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

We Should Not Reinstate the Draft I never thought I would say this but I think we should reinstate the draft. It has been years since we have wanted or needed a draft, but in view of the United States being attacked on September 11, 2001, I feel our country must be ready and prepared to defend itself. If being prepared means reinstating the draft, a mandatory summons for military service, then I think we should consider this a reasonable proposal. I think the tragic events of September 11 will evoke most people to agree with me. Since September 11 we have seen a surge of patriotism in this country that seemed hidden for many years. I am so glad patriotism was not lost, and I think most Americans would be willing to defend their country in light of this attack. We are a nation and a people who believe in freedom and democracy. It tells other nations who we are and what we stand for. It is these beliefs that lead me to believe that the people of the United States will do anything to preserve our freedom and democ racy even if it means reinstating the draft. I want to prove this notion, but am unsure how to accomplish this. I have not read any recent articles in newspapers or magazines that have dealt with this issue. My textbook was not a source either. So I decided to do two things. First, I went to the Internet for any information, articles, discussions, or statements relating to this issue. Second, I decided to conduct an informal poll. This informal poll consisted of male and female respondents with an age span of eighteen to sixty two. My poll started with classmates in my Western Civilization and Studio Art classes and the professors who instruct these classes. My poll included emailing friends and family who live and work in New York, family currently serving in the Armed Forces, and a family member who is a Veteran of the Viet Nam War. Also included in this poll is a random sampling of the townspeople of Los Alamos. Medical personnel at Los Alamos Women’s Health Services, and the lunch crowd at Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Allegro rounded out my poll. This cross section of Americans evoked many feelings and opinions and stimulated many conversations and critical thought. These conversations exhilarated me and the results I obtained amazed me.

Is it true that Adolf Hitler is the son of Rizal Essay

This is absolutely absurd, but since some fairly educated people actually want to believe it, I write this column.The argument is that Rizal had a German connection, he studied in Heildelberg, and being the Pinoy Don Juan he probably sired a son (why not a Daughter?) who later turned out to Adolf Hitler. Hitler was born 1889, and Rizal left Germany in 1887. Unless Hitler was a delayed baby, that is highly improbable. Although there is no resemblance between the two, it is argued that unlike the tall, blond and blue-eyed Germans, Hitler wanted to propagate into the â€Å"master race,’ Hitler himself was small of stature had dark hair and dark eyes. I would counter this argument by explaining that, contrary to popular belief, Hitler was Austrian not a German. But then Rizal visited in Austria in May 1887 and according to Rizal’s traveling companion, Max Viola, he did spend a night with an unknown Austrian woman. Viola remembers that they were billeted in the Hotel Metropole, Vienna and Rizal â€Å"†¦encountered the figure of a temptress in the form of Viennese woman, of the family of the Camelliasor Margarite of extraordinary beauty and irresistible attraction, who seemingly had been expressly invited to offer for a moment the cup of mundane pleasure to the apostle of the Philippine freedom who until the had enjoyed among his intimates the fame worthy of his glorious namesake, St. Joseph. With the exception of this case I knew of no other slip of Rizal during more than six months of our living together.†

Zebra Mussel Destruction essays

Zebra Mussel Destruction essays Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): Pallas First Originated in the Balkans, Poland, and former Soviet Union, the Zebra Mussel has, over time, transferred itself through most of Europe towards the United States of America. In 1988, the first Zebra Mussel was found near Lake Erie, and has now traveled to most of the great lakes and down the Mississippi, spreading as far as the Western border of New Jersey and Eastern borders of New York. Zebra Mussels are rapidly dispersing throughout the United States because of the comfortable temperature (they can survive only between the temperatures of 7 and 32 degrees Celsius), the large amount of food (algae, etc.), and easy flowing current, which allows immature Zebra Mussels to cling to smooth surfaces further downstream quickly and easily. Zebra Mussels are a hazard to fresh water life and water plants for a number of reasons. Because Zebra Mussels may reproduce so quickly and in such large quantities (the female generally breeds 30,000 Zebra Mussels at one time), the immature larva adheres to walls of pipes, and each other. Therefore, Zebra Mussels both block and reduce the amount of water that may pass through certain pipes, whether they are for nuclear power plants or water filtering facilities. Large groups of Zebra Mussel colonies also affect the walleye and lake trouts reproduction, infesting certain places where such fish reproduce. As a potential hazard to the United States water system, the Zebra Mussel issue has been addressed by the government numerous times, and plans for ridding the country of such a nuisance have been established, and some, even initiated. I have researched the tactics and ideas of both Europe and the United States, and have come to realize that the Zebra Mussels may be fought off. Internal and closed pipe/channel solutions Power plant pipes may generally be evacuated of water. For this reason, flushing down large amounts of above 40 deg...

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Charlotte Perkins Gilman Introduction Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a United States sociology expert, a novel writer, a short story writer, a poet, an academic professor who fought for women’s rights. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was one of the extraordinary women of her time. Charlotte Perkins Gilman became the beacon for women fighting for gender equality. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Charlotte Perkins Gilman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charlotte Perkins Gilman had unconventional theories and lifestyle that run against the very grain of society’s theory that women are the lesser gender. Charlotte Perkins Gilman became famous for the â€Å"The Yellow Paper† masterpiece. The masterpiece was a self-biography discussing the daily sufferings from the disease entitled postpartum psychosis. Charlotte Gilman successfully instituted women’s rights (Kessler, 1995). Charlotte Perkins Gilman Bibliography Born in Hartfor d, Connecticut in 1860, Mary Perkins researched several books at the public library. Mary’s childhood is characterized as lonely and isolated. Her father’s pasting of literary books encouraged Mary Perkins Gilman to indulge in reading many books in the library. Charlotte Perkins Gilman studied in more than five public schools. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a slow learner in class. Charlotte Perkins Gilman supported herself through college by working as an artist, painter, and tutor (Kessler, 1995). In 1894, Charlotte Perkins Gilman actively participated in the activities of many feminist and reform organizations. Specifically, Charlotte Perkins Gilman joined several group like the â€Å"The Pacific Costs Women’s Press Association, The Women’s Alliance, The Economic Club, The Parents’ Association, The Ebell Society, and many others. In the same year, Charlotte Perkins Gilman espoused many progressive views regarding the father’s rights to t he child after the courts approve a divorce. Charlotte Perkins Gilman insisted that her former husband had every right to visit their child after the divorce. In the same manner, her daughter, Katharine, had every right to learn and love her natural father. In 1884, Charlotte Perkins Gilman complained about her post-partum depression state after giving birth to her child, Katharine. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was described as hysterical and nervous. However, her friends did not take her health complaints seriously (Davis 36).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1888, Mary Charlotte Gilman had finally called it quits and divorced her husband. In 1893, Charlotte Perkins Gilman met her cousin, Atty. Houghton Gilman of Wall Street fame. Charlotte Perkins Gilman got married to her cousin, Atty. Houghton Gilman. In January of 1932, Mary committed suicide after accepting that her cance r was incurable. Charlotte Perkins Gilman had breast cancer. In 1896, Mary represented California in the Suffrage Convention in Washington D.C. Charlotte Perkins Gilman joined the International Socialist and Labor Congress in England during 1896. Charlotte Perkins Gilman joined the Nationalism organization. The organization focused on ending capitalism’s greedy outstretched arms. The Nationalism Organisation’s activities focus on ensuring a peaceful environment. The organization espoused ethical compliance, through promoting a progressive interpersonal interaction. Charlotte Perkins Gilman insisted that women should be on equal terms with the men. Charlotte Perkins Gilman insisted that women must have the right to equal treatment in all work, school, and other undertakings. The women’s breast cancer issue influenced Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s masterpiece â€Å"The Yellow WallPaper†. Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote several popular books. Her poems are found in the Art Gems for the Homely and Fireside. In 1893, Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote In This World, and Women and Economics espousing that sex education must not be taught in the K years. Charlotte Perkins Gilman authored the popular book, Women and Economics in 1898. The book lifted her name to international fame. Consequently, Charlotte Perkins Gilman travelled to different locations, propagating her desire to one day see the reality that man will finality agree that women are their equal in all facets of life. Charlotte Perkins Gilman held a speaking engagement in Berlin, Germany. Charlotte Perkins Gilman discussed her gender equality theory at the International Congress of Women in Berlin seminar. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also travelled to different countries to discuss her equality theory in seminars or speaking engagements. Charlotte Perkins Gilman visited countries like England, Germany, Hungary, and Holland, Germany, Austria, as well as Hungary. In her book, â₠¬Å"The Home: It’s Work and Influence†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman theorized that women were often victimized in their own homes. The women are treated as second-class citizens by their husbands. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Charlotte Perkins Gilman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charlotte Perkins Gilman also espoused that society must change its current perception that women are second class citizens within the United States society. Charlotte Perkins Gilman bought her own magazine entitled The Forerunner. Her article focuses on stimulating the readers to rise up and have enough hope, and courage to fight for their rights, especially the women. The same magazine forerunner successfully continued for the next 7 years. The magazine gained lots of loyalty from clients who liked Gilman’s fearless approach to ensuring that gender discrimination is eradicated from the face of the earth. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also wrote articles for other media companies. The companies include the Baltimore Sun, Buffalo Evening News, and Louiseville Herald. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also wrote her first book, Art Gems for the Home and the Fireside (1888).During here entire adult life, Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave speeches and wrote books on hot themes like ethics, human rights, social reform, labor, and others (Kessler, 2010). Further, Charlotte Perkins Gilman boldly emphasized that the women must use sexual overtures to persuade their husbands to bring home food and other home necessities. Charlotte Perkins Gilman blamed the Darwin theory stating that the home is ruled by the husband alone. Charlotte Perkins Gilman insisted that the historical Darwin theory stating that the husband is aggressive and the wife played the motherly roles in the home has disappeared in the current age. The old theory stating that men are made to have regular sex precipitates to rapes and violence in the home . Charlotte Perkins Gilman discussed that society had instituted the unfair women environment where the young girls are mainly training to become future mothers. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was disgusted with the marketing of a different set of toys, and clothes for boys and girls. Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Charlotte Gilman theorized that the women should not be left in the home; the women have a right to find work and earn money to payment the family’s daily home expenses (Davis, 2010). The home expenses include electricity, water, and telephone bills. In addition, Charlotte Perkins Gilman reiterated that the house chores must be equally distributed between the husband and the wife. In her desire to win more votes, Charlotte Perkins Gilman insists that all women must be granted their right to vote for their candidates in the current and future elections. However, Charlotte Perkins Gilman stepped out of her comfort zone when she adversely opined on the issue of the African Americans (Davis, 2010). In the progressive area, Charlotte Perkins Gilman focused on sex subjection, Charlotte Perkins Gilman focused on fighting for the women’s equality rights. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also favored the study of the initiatives. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was interested in eugenics, sa nitation, birth control, and anti-vice, and anti-prostitution. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also talked against the erroneous Darwinian Theory stating that women are born to be â€Å"sex slaves† of the husbands (Kessler 1995). Charlotte Perkins Gilman is remembered as a person who boldly stood up against society’s prior gender discrimination culture. The prior culture states that women should be kept inside the home as sex slaves of the husband. Charlotte Perkins Gilman should be remembered because the current women of society are enjoying the fruits of her unending efforts to free the women from their current bondage. Charlotte Perkins Gilman fought for the women to be free from the torments of their husbands. Some husbands force their wives to have sex as well as accomplish home chores. Her historical contributions to fight for the rights of the women had been successful. Today, many women are working outside the home. Many women are earning higher salaries than men in the work place. Many companies prefer to hire men over the women (Davis, 2010). Conclusion IN A NUTSHELL, Charlotte Perkins Gilman fearlessly fought for the women’s rights. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was one of the extraordinary women of her time. Charlotte Perkins Gilman championed the rights of women to vote. Charlotte Perkins Gilman authored many articles and made speeches rallying for the approval of the women’s rights issues. She pursued the theory that the women must be free from the erroneous Darwin theory. Charlotte Gilman successfully instituted women’s rights. References Davis, C. (2010) Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography. London, SU Press Kessler, C. (1995) Charlotte Perkins Gilman. London, SU Press

Flood Types and Classifications in U.S

Flood Types and Classifications in U.S Floods that occur in the United States and abroad can be classified in multiple ways. Theres no steadfast rule for categorizing  flooding along a floodplain or after a tropical cyclone. Instead, broad types of flood labels are applied to any type of water inundation that results in damages. Flooding is one of the most dangerous types of all natural disasters. Flash Floods Floods can be most broadly classified as either river floods or flash floods. The main difference is in the onset of the flooding. With flash floods, there is often little warning that flooding will occur. With river flooding, communities can prepare as a river nears its flood stage.   Flash floods are usually the most lethal. Heavy downpours, often in mountainous highlands, can lead to surges of water that turn dry river beds or flood plains into raging torrents  within minutes. Local communities usually have little time to flee to higher land, and homes and other property in the waters path can be totally destroyed. Vehicles crossing roadways that are dry or barely wet in one moment can be swept away in the next. When roads and railways are made impassable, delivery of aid can become much more difficult. Slow Onset Floods   Slow onset floods, such as those that hit Bangladesh almost every year, can also be lethal but they tend to give people much more time to move to higher ground. These floods are a result of surface water runoff. Flash floods can also be the result of surface water runoff, but the terrain is a larger factor in the severity of the flood. They often occur when the ground is already saturated and simply cannot absorb any more water. When deaths occur during slow onset floods, they are much more likely to come about due to disease, malnutrition or snakebites. Floods in China displaced tens of thousands of snakes into neighboring areas in 2007, increasing the risk of attacks. Slower floods are also less likely to sweep away property, although it may still be damaged or destroyed. Areas are likely to remain under water for months at a time. Storms, tropical cyclones, and other maritime extreme weather can also produce deadly storm surges, as happened in New Orleans in 2005 after Hurricane Katrina, Cyclone Sidr in November 2007, and Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in May 2008. These are most prevalent and dangerous along the coasts and near large bodies of water. Detailed Flood Types There are numerous other ways to classify floods. Many types of floods are a result of the location of the rising waters or other environmental factors. FEMA has a broad classification of flood types as follows: Riverine floodsUrban floodsGround failures, such as dam breaksFluctuating lake levelsCoastal flooding and erosion In addition, flooding can result from ice jams, mine accidents, and tsunamis. Remember that there are no steadfast rules for determining exactly what type of flood may be associated with any given area. Getting flood insurance and following the guidelines for flood safety are critical to keeping yourself, your family, and your property safe during a flood event.

Discuss the costs and benefits of this change Essay

Discuss the costs and benefits of this change - Essay Example Peripheral growth is practically always at lower densities than urban cores, which simply means that cities tend to become less dense as they grow. According to the UN, it is projected that in two decades from now the world’ urban population will have risen to 60%, representing almost five billion people. The mega rise in the urbanization level is mostly visible in the growth of the biggest cities (ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2005). Ironically, this process is on occasion accelerated by planning decision making. For example, the greenbelt movement in London that banned the extension of housing into the near the city’s periphery has resulted to a greater sprawl to far outside the principal urban area (PRASAD 2003). This has been the case since the 2nd World war thereby forcing commuters to travel longer distance and time to urban centers. Most of the world’s urban population and most of its largest cities are found in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The evolving urban form has also examined smaller urban areas. The dispersal pattern is evident there as well even in traditionally compact cities. For instance, Zurich has had all of its growth outside the core city since 1950. Low income cities such as Addis Ababa represents a pattern of urban expansion are not unlike that experienced in Cairo or Istabul (UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME 2003). It is likely that urban centers will continue to expand as they grow larger, consistent with what might seems like the work of both market preferences and economic pressure for lower cost, more spacious housing. a growth of city is mainly driven by economic development and is characterized by a shift away from agrarian dominated economy to a more industrialized and service economy. Cities are sites of great prosperity and success in many areas, resulting to wealth creation and viable opportunities to many of

Information Technology determines contemporary social change. Discuss Essay

Information Technology determines contemporary social change. Discuss giving examples - Essay Example In the current century, we started tapping the celluloid, uranium, electromagnetism, and now the photon. To neutralize harmful germs, we even employ the services of the bacterium. Another great invention is mathematics, derived naturally from the Homo Sapiens' ability to conceive quantity. Spectacular tool making is not possible without the continuous development of mathematics. Our species has gone this far, equipped with only a few pounds of brain matter, a small and frail anatomy, and natural senses limited to a mere five (sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing). Given these leaps, it has been necessary to come up with a set of social codes to regulate behavior and ensure continuous order. The law, it is said, operates to regulate behavior and maintain the cohesiveness of a given society. In order to maintain its role as bulwark, it capitalizes on and gains credence from the idea that there is but one set of "correct" rules and that legal decisions are but logical outcomes of tested principles that are empirically-replicable. Perhaps there are very few modern developments that have posed a challenge to this notion of the law and the legal system than the advent of the Internet. Precisely because of the uniqueness of the medium and the vastness of its breadth, there has been great difficulty imposing regulatory mechanisms on its use - thereby leading, in many cases, to its abuse. There can be no denying that information technology plays an important role in the molding of social values and in the legitimization of personal perceptions. In the United States, 98% have at least one television, 70% have more than one television, 70% have cable, and 51% of households with children have a computer. (Paik, 1994) For example, on the issues surrounding Internet obscenity, Petrie (1997) found that "because the Internet is a unique communications technology, it does not fit squarely into the conceptual scheme of traditional obscenity law." (p. 638). In a nutshell, the Internet, also called the information superhighway, is a communications network wherein computers from all over the world may instantaneously communicate and exchange images with each other through the benefit of a modem and an Internet Service Provider. There is no one central source that can filter out images or regulate the flow of information. The internet cannot be shut down at will. On the issue of hate speech, The danger posed by the internet is that more often than not, it is the medium of choice of racial supremacist groups who thrive on the relative safety and untraceability that the Internet provides. Hier (2000) presents three reasons: First, there exists a considerable gap between the public images that racial supremacist groups attempt to present in the Internet and a far less benign image that emerges upon closer analysis; second, exemplified by the Freedom-site, the internet has facilitated a greater degree of solidarity between racial supremacist organizations; and third, given the impersonal nature of the internet, there exists a certain degree of danger that otherwise ordinary citizens will become more susceptible to the ideology of racial supremacism. (p. 471) The problem is not merely that the technology allows for unprecedented reach and scope. More significantly, the problem is that the law and all its traditional structures are ill-equipped to handle this revolutionary form of

An investigation of the risk and protective factors associated with Research Proposal

An investigation of the risk and protective factors associated with high school graduation in the United States - Research Proposal Example Experts have estimated between 3.5 million and 6 million American students between ages 16 and 24 dropped out of schools for the last two years (Haskins, 2010). About 50 percent of minors fail to graduate with their class. African Americans tend to drop out higher than other minorities, which creates significant problems for them (Kogan et.al, 2005). For the class of 2013 84.1% of African Americans graduated, American Indian graduated 85.8%, Asian graduated at 93.8%, Hispanic at 85.1% and white at 93% according to Texas Education Agency 2012-2013. African Americans had the highest longitudinal dropout rate across racial/ethnic groups (9.9%), followed by Hispanics (8.2%). Asians had the lowest longitudinal dropout rate (3.0%), followed by White (3.5%) and multiracial students (4.4%). In the class of 2013, a total of 21,634 students dropped out in Texas. Females had a higher graduation rate of 90.3% compared to males with 85.9% (Texas Education Agency, 2013). Each state is experiencing the same trouble with a large percentage of students not graduating, so as a nation we are losing. In Texas, a total of 3,187 students dropped out of Grades 7-8, and 31,509 dropped out of Grades 9-12. The Grade 7-8 and Grade 9-12 dropout rates were 0.4 percent and 2.2 percent, respectively. The Grade 7-8 rate increased 0.1 percentage points from the 2011-12 school year, and the Grade 9-12 decreased 0.2 percentage points (TEA, 2013). In the school district that I work in which is Klein ISD, in 2010 Klein saw an increase in graduation rate. In May of 2010, 84.3% of the students statewide graduated while Klein ISD had a 92.6% completion rate. The student dropout rate has been an area of concern for many years in the United States. Programs are being implemented to help improve our nation’s battle with graduation. In 1984 House Bill 72 was passed to implement a system for collecting data on student dropouts. In 2009 House Bill 3 was passed to add postsecondary

Effects of economic and political climates on current higher education Essay

Effects of economic and political climates on current higher education - Essay Example Various factors of politics, economy and regulatory developments do have an impact on institutions of higher learning. Most issues are above the control of the national higher education community and the individual institutions. In response to these changes, institution budgeters must respond accordingly to the anticipatory changes in political and economic conditions that may have an effect on the amount of revenue that is available. In addition, of equal importance, they must put into consideration the pressures that are being exerted by the external forces on the institution of higher learning before its survival is put in jeopardy. Economic climate Institutions dealing with higher education are stable partly due to the mission and role that they have in the society and the way they are operated their activities and management. Despite this, the current financial issues in various ways are affecting the institutions of higher learning (Solt 2008, pp.48–60). Economic changes have significantly affected the higher institutions of learning since the beginning of 1990’s. In respect to this, changes seen in the national government support for higher education have been accompanying the turmoil of the economy. Today, the institutions of higher learning are no longer enjoying the high ranking that they used to on the societal agendas, local, state and national talks. Resources that were previously directed to higher education are captured by other sectors of the government.

Company Law, Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company Law, Business Law - Essay Example Adam does have several options that he can choose should he decide. Adam can decide to accept the decisions of the board of directors and understand that they do not need the approval of shareholders for certain high-value transactions. The magnitude of special resolutions will determine whether the board of directors would have needed the approval of the shareholders. Further, Adam has the option as a stockholder and a member of the general public to trade his shares publicly, or he also has the option of selling his shares of the company to the majority of the shareholders who agree with the special resolutions that were implemented by the board of directors. In the case of First American Bank v. Shivers, Robert W. Shivers, a shareholder, voted against a merger agreement with FABM Acquisition Bank. He and his fellow shareholders comprised less than the number of bank shareholders needed to defeat the proposal. Adam also has the right to propose questions to the board of directors r egarding the two recent special resolutions. ... Further, Anton does enter into a contract with a local computing company that is operated by one of his friends. During the business transactions, Anton receives a laptop computer and gives it to his son as a birthday present. Samantha is very satisfied with the quality of her new IT system; however, she does discover that Anton has received a laptop computer, and has given it to his son as a birthday present. Samantha should confront Anton about the situation with the laptop computer, and instruct him that he cannot personally give merchandise to his family and friends that have been acquired within the business. Samantha should also instruct Anton to retrieve the laptop computer that he has given to his son. Anton should return the laptop computer of the local computing business if it was given to him as a favor because the company is operated by one of his friends. If the laptop computer was given to Anton for company use, then he still needs to retrieve the laptop computer, and i t needs to be used by Samantha's company for business use. In the case of IBG Insurance Services Corp v. Superior Court - No. 3153400 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002), Robert Zieminski, a senior executive for IBG Insurance Services Corporation, violated the "electronic and telephone equipment" policy statement of the company when he accessed certain explicit websites from his computer at work. He used two computers, one computer at home and one computer at work. When he was caught accessing certain websites from his computer at work, IBG demanded that the computer that Zieminski was utilizing at home be returned. However, Zieminski explained that his wife and children were utilizing the computer at home for personal

Influence of Religion on Developing Societies Research Paper - 1

Influence of Religion on Developing Societies - Research Paper Example Research has shown that one of the most significant contributions that any religion makes to societal development is by playing its role as a means of enforcing morality to society members. In societies where there is a prevalent belief in God and a substantial number of the members of society are religious, the moral value of integrity is also prevalent. As such, the resources in such societies are more likely to be fairly distributed to all members of society; this is because those who are in charge of the distribution of resources work with integrity. In a society that is prevalently religious, members of such societies are less likely to be distrustful of firms/companies’ ethics since such companies also have ‘religious’ employees who share similar moral values. While this may be a quite naà ¯ve outlook, such trust may also create a suitable business environment, which enhances development in a society.In his book ‘The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism’, Max Weber advances the idea that the work ethics that were instilled to European societies during and after the Protestant Reformation in the church played a major role in the development of capitalist ideals, which led to the rapid economic development in Europe and America. According to Weber, the Reformation emphasized moral values, such as hard work, austerity, frugality, and loyalty to interests of the group. These values, according to Weber, were the cornerstone of capitalism, which led to intensified economic development.

Company Law, Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company Law, Business Law - Essay Example Adam does have several options that he can choose should he decide. Adam can decide to accept the decisions of the board of directors and understand that they do not need the approval of shareholders for certain high-value transactions. The magnitude of special resolutions will determine whether the board of directors would have needed the approval of the shareholders. Further, Adam has the option as a stockholder and a member of the general public to trade his shares publicly, or he also has the option of selling his shares of the company to the majority of the shareholders who agree with the special resolutions that were implemented by the board of directors. In the case of First American Bank v. Shivers, Robert W. Shivers, a shareholder, voted against a merger agreement with FABM Acquisition Bank. He and his fellow shareholders comprised less than the number of bank shareholders needed to defeat the proposal. Adam also has the right to propose questions to the board of directors r egarding the two recent special resolutions. ... Further, Anton does enter into a contract with a local computing company that is operated by one of his friends. During the business transactions, Anton receives a laptop computer and gives it to his son as a birthday present. Samantha is very satisfied with the quality of her new IT system; however, she does discover that Anton has received a laptop computer, and has given it to his son as a birthday present. Samantha should confront Anton about the situation with the laptop computer, and instruct him that he cannot personally give merchandise to his family and friends that have been acquired within the business. Samantha should also instruct Anton to retrieve the laptop computer that he has given to his son. Anton should return the laptop computer of the local computing business if it was given to him as a favor because the company is operated by one of his friends. If the laptop computer was given to Anton for company use, then he still needs to retrieve the laptop computer, and i t needs to be used by Samantha's company for business use. In the case of IBG Insurance Services Corp v. Superior Court - No. 3153400 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002), Robert Zieminski, a senior executive for IBG Insurance Services Corporation, violated the "electronic and telephone equipment" policy statement of the company when he accessed certain explicit websites from his computer at work. He used two computers, one computer at home and one computer at work. When he was caught accessing certain websites from his computer at work, IBG demanded that the computer that Zieminski was utilizing at home be returned. However, Zieminski explained that his wife and children were utilizing the computer at home for personal

Mobile Application for Middle East Students in the UK Research Paper

Mobile Application for Middle East Students in the UK - Research Paper Example Software applications or apps are the mainstays of mobile business communications (Highsmith, 2002, p.30). Apps refer to the smartphone programs used daily in composing e-mails, updating calendars, editing documents and collaborating with colleagues. Nearly all smartphones have basic messaging apps such as SMS (text messaging), contact lists, e-mail, and calendars with room for downloading many other apps to customize the mobile business experience (Lacohee, Wakeford & Pearson, 2003, p.208). In order to conduct business successfully both within and outside the office, it is crucial to have a shared set of productivity tools. Windows Mobile is a popular operating system for smartphone due to its ability to run native versions of PowerPoint, Microsoft Word, and Excel. Other phones rely on third-party apps that allow users to edit and view Microsoft Office documents. Examples of such phones are QuickOffice and DataViz's Documents-to-Go. In addition, IT departments can customize smartpho nes into running applications related to â€Å"line of business† via the network, for instance, health records, workflow management, shipping and logistics management as well as other industry-specific software (Litchfield, 2010, n.p.). With appropriate applications, smartphones can act as powerful organizers. Pocket Informant is one of the popular contacts and calendar apps. The advantage of Pocket Informant over built-in calendar apps is its ability to provide a clear organization of complex schedules. Pocket Informant also enables one to view all the e-mails, notes and appointments for each contact in the address book (Williams & Pence, 2011, p.680). ReQall which is a new app that allows busy road-warriors to create to-do lists and calendar entries using easy voice commands. Through management of a complex network of contacts for business, only a small number of online services can beat LinkedIn that provide a native app for iPhone and before long for the Blackberry. Video conferencing and online collaboration are a boon to both national and international companies. Many powerful apps extend the online collaboration tools to the smartphone. Cisco's WebEx Meeting Center for iPhone and the Blackberry allows one to take part in the online conference as either a participant or a presenter. It allows for sharing of documents, viewing of PowerPoint presentations and IM together with various participants while teleconferencing via the smartphone (Liu & Hwang, 2010, P.E5). Another iPhone app is iShare which provides access to firm’s Microsoft SharePoint server to update workflows and collaborate on documents. Encamp for iPhone is an app smartphone that enables access to Basecamp project management workflows as well as shared documents (Highsmith, 2002, p.30).

Role Played By International Organizations Politics Essay

Role Played By International Organizations Politics Essay International organizations provide a forum for international co-operation in environmental issues as they play two important roles environmental policy making and the development of international environmental law. Every organization is endowed with environmental responsibilities as those involved in international environmental law are established at the regional global, regional and sub-regional and bilateral levels. Almost all international organizations today have some competence or responsibility for the development, application or the enforcement of international environment obligations including those related to standard setting. The decentralized nature of international organizations in the international environment field makes it difficult to assess their roles by reference to any functional, sectorial or geographical criteria. They can be divided into three categories global organs associated with the United Nations and its specialized agencies, regional organizations outsi de the United Nations system and organizations established by environmental and other treaties. Within these categories there are of course overlaps since many organizations established in the categories were created by acts of the United Nations or its specialized agencies. History of International Organizations Prior to 1945 there were no international organizations dealing with environmental affairs but the period after World War II saw the emergence of a number of international organizations grow. They were established at global, regional and sub-regional levels to deal specifically with environmental issues or to adapt to the existing organizations by having competence in the area of environmental issues. The Stockholm Conference recognized that the global and regional environmental problems required extensive co-operation among nations and action by international organizations in pursuit of common interest for the protection of the environment.  [1]  Also states were called upon to ensure that international organizations play a coordinated, efficient and dynamic role for the protection and improvement of the environment.  [2]   Functions and Roles of International Organizations They perform a number of different functions and roles depending on their constituent documents in relation to environmental affairs ranging from judicial, administrative to legislative roles. The functions they perform relate mostly to five areas which will be discussed shortly. Forum for co-operation and co-ordination among states and non state actors on environmental management matters. As they act as a forum where informal and formal ideas are shared which builds on international consensus for regional and global action to be taken. Provides information international organizations receive and disseminate information and facilitate for the exchange of information through formal or informal consultations between states. Contribute to the development of legal obligations such as soft law by acting as a catalyst informally outside the organization or formally within the organization where the organization adopts acts or decisions which create legal binding obligations. Ensures implementation and compliance with obligations by receiving information from parties on an informal basis or receiving regular reports or periodic communications from parties to international environmental treaties as a means of reviewing progress in implementation. Act as an independent forum or mechanism for the settlement of disputes between states. Through the work of bodies with general competence to an environmental agreement or by reference of an issue to a body specifically created to assist with dispute settlement such as the International Court of Justice or the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Global Organizations General Assembly The United Nations specialized agencies and its subsidiary organs are regarded as the focal points for international law in the fields of environment law.  [3]  Through, the practice of the principal organs such as the General Assembly which has interpretated and applied broad principles such as the promotion of sustainable development and the protection of the environment. The General Assembly is regarded as the principal decision making organ and has the power to discuss any question or matters within the scope of the United Nations Charter or make recommendations to member states or the Security Council.  [4]  Furthermore, promote international co-operation in political social, cultural, educational, health fields plus the codification and development of international law.  [5]  There is no specific mention of the General Assembly having competence in environmental affairs but under Agenda 21 it was recognized as the principal policy making and appraisal organ having a regular review function with respect to Agenda 21. The major role played by the General assembly has been the creation of bodies that have been instrumental in environmental law such as the UNEP which is the main voice of the United Nations by bringing emerging issues before the international community so as to reach global and regional consensus on such matters. The CSD and the UNDP which seek to help developing countries and those in transition achieve sustainable development in line with environmental principles and standards. United Nations Environment Programme The United Nations Environment Programme is the United Nations designated body for addressing issues at the global and regional level. Its mandate is to co-ordinate the development of environmental policy consensus by keeping the global environment review by bringing emerging issues to the attention of governments and the international community so as to pursue action. This is the United Nations body exclusively focusing on international environmental matters. The constituent instrument which the programme adheres to commits it to the provision of policy guidance and co-ordination of environmental programmes within the United Nations among its roles.  [6]  The creation of the programme is testimony of the General Assemblys powers granted to it under the Charter so as to ensure environmental matters are dealt with collectively since they affect everyone. Provision of information UNEP has been promoting access to information on environmental law in order to increase the level of world-wide knowledge and to provide actors directly involved in the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental law, with the information they need. According to the Stockholm declaration  [7]  provision of such information is education on environmental matters, for the younger generation as well as adults, in order to broaden the basis for an enlightened opinion and responsible conduct by individuals, enterprises and communities in protecting and improving the environment. The basic premise being enhancing the knowledge of environmental law issues by carrying out environmental law studies through the development of websites, and producing environmental law publications to build capacity in environmental law globally. For instance, on Studies in environmental law matters UNEP devotes great attention to the strengthening and promotion of environmental law by undert aking legal studies on different areas identified in the Montevideo Programme III and in subsequent Governing Council decisions. Secondly, establishing a website which provides information on all its environmental activities such as UNEPs environmental law programme is intended to be an instrument for conveying not only information about UNEPs activities, but also to work as a resource tool for all those interested in environmental law world-wide. UNEP ensures that information on environmental matters is known fully especially to the least developed and developing countries sop that they use the environment sustainably with the information published. Provision of technical assistance to developing countries and in transition Technical assistance is very vital as few countries are fully capable to deal with environmental matters as they are today. This was recognized in the UNCED Agenda 21 and the WSSD plan of implementation which recognized the short comings in the environmental legislation in effecting the integration of environment and development policies and practices especially in the developing countries. UNEPs role is to strengthen national and institutional bodies so as to be able to translate sustainable development policies and strategies into action with respect to developing countries and those in transition. In line with Agenda 21 which underscores the importance of implementing international obligations through enactment of the laws at regional, national or municipal level. UNEP in line with Agenda 21 has focused on technical assistance with respect to building the capacity of legal stake holders such as decision makers, legal professionals and academics. The provision of Technical Assistance is guided by the Montevideo Programme II in which the Governing Councils decision 17/25 paragraph 2 stated its objective provision of technical assistance to least developing countries and countries with economies in transition to develop and implement environmental law. Which ensures the UNEP plays its role in assisting governments strengthen their legal and institutional frameworks through training the capacity of decision makers and legal stakeholders in environmental matters so that they strengthen, implement and develop environment law. The role of UNEP is to ensure that the least developed and developing countries in terms of the Rio  [8]  declaration enact effective environmental legislation so that it is in line with the environmental and development standards. Meaning the laws enacted have to reflect in their domestic laws international environmental law and in line with the developments in environmental law. United Nations Development Programme The United Nations established the United Nations Development Programme in 1965  [9]  as the principal channel for multilateral technical and investment assistance to developing countries apart from integrating the millennium development goals with environmental matters. It is active in all economic and social factors which are highly valuable under environmental law as they are interlinked with environmental sustainable development as stated in the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development  [10]  economic development, social development and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing with respect to sustainable development which is the framework to achieve a higher quality of life for all people. Therefore, the work of the United Nations Development Programme is linked directly to poverty reduction by removing the social and economic barriers by empowering the poor so that they will be able to practice sustainable use of the environment in line wi th its mandate. As there can be no achievement of sustainable development without clear focus on the reduction of poverty as favourable conditions must be present both socially and economically to ensure development and sustainable use of the environment. This is in line with the Rio Declaration  [11]  which clearly envisions eradication of poverty so as a requirement for the sustainable use of the environment by decreasing the disparities of living standards in line with the people in the world. The UNDPs role is to help developing countries strengthen their capacities to deal with environmental challenges at global, national and community level seeking and sharing the best practices by providing policy advice, management of important programmes and institutions such as the Global Environment Facility. This introduced the Small Grants Programme which aims at strengthening local capacity in the community by providing enabling conditions. As for instance, the Small Grants Programme works with communities around the world to combat the most critical environmental problems and support communities in their efforts to achieve more sustainable livelihoods. SGP supports projects of non-governmental and community-based organizations in developing countries to demonstrate that community action can meet both human needs and environmental sustainability.  [12]   UNDPs role in developing countries is to ensure effective participation of women in environmental affairs. As according to the Rio Declaration  [13]  women have a vital role in environmental management and development. Their full participation is therefore essential to achieve sustainable development. Since local actors, especially women, are excluded from meaningful participation in environment and energy policy-making processes. Exclusion has served to weaken the impact, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of initiatives, funding mechanisms, and programmes implemented by international development agencies and national governments.  [14]  This is attributable to the Small Grants Programme which enhances the capacity of local actors, especially women, to access environmental finance so as to ensure they are better equipped to act responsibly. Commission on Sustainable Development The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was established by the UN General Assembly and ECOSOC in 1992 to ensure effective follow-up of United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation recognized the CSD as a high level forum on sustainable development and it has specific roles which are. Review progress at the international, regional and national levels in the implementation of recommendations and commitments contained in the (UNCED) namely: Agenda 21; and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development.  [15]  Follow up the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and achieve sustainable development.  [16]  Promote dialogue and build partnerships for sustainable development with governments, the international community and the major groups identified in Agenda 21. The Earth Summit recognized capacity-building as the means of implementation for Agenda 21 with particular focus on national mechanisms and international co-operation. The Division for Sustainable Development provides targeted advisory services at the request of individual governments. These services support specific policy initiatives and the requisite institutional development and capacity-building. Technical support is specifically designed to accelerate the formulation of policies for sustainable development and provide substantive support for their implementation at national and international levels in line with the Johannesburg Plan of implementation.  [17]  The Divisions technical expertise enables it to support developing countries and countries with economies in transition in their realization of sustainable development. The role of the CSD is to better equip developing countries to develop in line within the framework of environmental law principles as each country has its specific needs especially developing countries. United Nations Institute for Training and Research Is an autonomous body within the United Nations with the mandate to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations through training and research. The role of UNITAR is to strengthen the capacity of Member States, Organizations and individuals to address environmental challenges and reach sustainable goals through innovative training approaches and methods.  [18]  In line with the Rio declaration which promotes access to information, public participation, and access to justice in environmental matters and the Aarhus convention which is a major initiative to strengthen environmental democracy it acknowledges that achieving sustainable development requires the involvement of all stakeholders. The role played by UNITAR is to ensure full participation of all the stakeholders under environmental law through proper training, being given a better understanding of how environmental law operates which in effect is capacity building of both developed and developing countries with respect to environmental matters. For instance, the Environment Unit deals with four core areas chemical management, climate change, biodiversity and environmental governance and law. All these areas are crucial to environmental law and the participation of all stakeholders ensures that there will be meaningful progress in the development of Rio Declaration Principle 10, the Aarhus Convention with respect to environmental law. Especially for governments, international organizations, developing countries and those countries in transition it will help them at a national level to adhere to multilateral agreements by addressing the gaps and weaknesses they have by involving the relevant stake holders at all levels necessary. Further, the role played by UNITAR is to be a haven of knowledge and expertise in my view with respect to international law and environmental law issues. This can be amicably seen in the international law programme it has which targets the relevant stakeholders in environmental law such as governments, international organizations, private lawyers, diplomats and government lawyers to ensure that they have full access to the information they need and participate fully by upholding the global respect for international principles. Security Council Under the Charter of the United Nations it has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.  [19]  Its mandate does not spell out the protection of the environment but due to its binding legal resolutions  [20]  it plays a significant role under international environmental law by promoting its development. The Security Councils first encounter with environmental matters was in 1991 when it adopted a resolution holding Iraq liable for damage to the environment resulting from the invasion of Kuwait.  [21]  It would be wrong to say that the Security Council has not played a role in environmental affairs as peace is very vital to ensure that there is development and sustainable use of the environment. As outlined in the Rio declaration  [22]  peace, development and environment protection are interdependent and indivisible. In essence the role played by the Security council is to ensure that as peace prevails so does the environment devel ops due to the preservation of peace by the Security Council. Protection of the environment has always been the duty of the Council as under the Rio declaration  [23]  warfare is inherently destructive for sustainable development as states should respect international law which protects the environment in times of armed conflict. Therefore, the Security Council has played a role in the promotion of environmental law by advocating for peaceful settlement of disputes and banning of wars so that there can be development of the environment as stipulated under international environmental principles. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Based in Rome established in 1945 and has a specific mandate to deal with environmental issues namely to promote the conservation of natural resources and the adoption of improved methods of agricultural production.  [24]  FAO leads international efforts to defeat hunger the first MDG, reducing global hunger and poverty by half by the year 2015. Helping both developed and developing countries, by acting as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy.  [25]  FAOs role is to support global environmental targets as Priorities for reducing hunger cannot be separated from those for sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems. There is a close link between hunger, poverty and environmental degradation which underscore the need for multidimensional approaches to their reduction. FAOs Strategic Framework (2000-2015) specifically highlights sustainable production and natural resource conservation. FAOs role is to help count ries and regions develop coherent policies and programmes for efficient and socially desirable sustainable management of resources. The strategy also aims for the conservation, improvement and sustainable utilization of natural resources for food and agriculture, with special emphasis on fragile ecosystems and environments at greatest risk as in developing countries which are mostly affected. FAO works in broad partnership with governments, national, international and non-governmental institutions and civil society to broaden the base of understanding and increases the chances for success in addressing existing and future sustainable development and environmental priorities. Provision of Skilled personnel In line with its objective of reducing hunger which has the capability of causing social and economic problems if not checked fully. The organization has skilled expertise in the field who will serve to ensure that a boost in food production and sustainable methods of doing so are exchanged. FAOs experts are in different fields which help collectively to achieve the objectives within the spirit of co-operation as outlined in international instruments. The experts include Agriculture, Economic and Social Development, Fisheries, Forestry, Natural Resources Management and Environment. And since it has global and regional offices allows it to address the environment problems accordingly when they meet to ensure amicable solutions are given at high level forums in order to solve the problems plaguing the countries. Provision of knowledge FAO serves as a knowledge network through the use of experts foresters, fisheries and livestock specialists, nutritionists, social scientists, economists, statisticians and other professionals to collect, analyse and disseminate data that aids development. In providing knowledge to countries FAO recognizes that environmental issues cannot be handled without effective information within the hands of relevant stakeholders to ensure they have an understanding of what they are dealing with. Especially Online databases, thematic knowledge networks and new practices as websites disseminate information to help policy-makers and individuals make better informed decisions, strengthen links and facilitate sharing and exchange of information.  [26]   United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Established in 1945 its role is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science and culture while conserving and protecting historic and scientific monuments.  [27]  Its role has been in line with the Earth Summit which advocated for sustainable development which meets the needs of present generations without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own. In essence sustainable development cannot be dealt with without educating the relevant actors in environmental law coupled with scientific knowledge. Therefore UNESCOs role is to educate and ensure knowledgeable citizens, informed political and economic decision makers are able to solve emerging environmental issues. For instance, UNESCO has a Climate Change Education for Sustainable Development Programme as education is an essential element of the global response to climate change. In line with the Stockholm declaration principle 19 education helps young people understand and address the impact of global warming, encourages changes in their attitudes and behavior and helps them adapt to climate change-related trends. UNESCO aims to make climate change education a central part of the international response to climate change. By strengthening the capacity of its Member States to provide quality climate change education; encouraging innovative teaching approaches to integrate climate change education   in school and by raising awareness about climate change as well as enhancing non-formal education programmes through media, networking and partnerships.  [28]   Furthermore, UNESCO promotes environmental law through its intergovernmental oceanic commission through capacity development. By developing leadership capacity such as fund-raising, team building, and decision-making skills for directors of marine and coastal sciences institutes to strengthen scientific, legal and institutional structures.  [29]  Special attention is given to developing, tropical and small island states where livelihoods depend heavily on marine resources. The Stockholm declaration in principle 20 clearly outlines such assistance to developing countries Scientific research and development in the context of environmental problems both national and multinational must be promoted in all countries especially developing countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Environmental techonologies should be made available to developing countries which would encourage their wide dissemination. The objective of the programme is to empower developing countries to sustainably use their coastal an d marine resources by through self driven capacity development. Due to the degradation and loss of life-sustaining ocean resources is accelerating, one of the greatest challenges is to develop capacity rapidly enough to protect and preserve these resources. The capacity-building approach aims to reduce the continuous dependence on aid by empowering countries to address their own problems through science-based strategies.  [30]   International Maritime Organization (IMO) The major role of the International Maritime Organization is to provide machinery for cooperation among Governments in the field of governmental regulation and practices relating to technical matters of all kinds affecting shipping engaged in international trade, to encourage and facilitate the general adoption of the highest practicable standards in matters concerning maritime safety, efficiency of navigation and prevention and control of marine pollution from ships.  [31]  Therefore the major role of the maritime organization is to ensure the safety of ships at sea so that they do not discharge pollution into the sea oil or any other substance plus there is no unnecessary dumping of wastes which causes damage to the marine environment. In having such high safety standards on ships which converge the ocean in essence they are fighting against pollution from such ships and are advocating for liability of pollution in the ocean as a way to ensure high standards of safety and secur ity procedures for ships. For instance as a result of the Torrey canyon disaster in 1967 a legal committee was established which became a permanent subsidiary organization. The swiftness of the action is admirable and only serves to show that the organization is concerned with the safety and security of ships as they travel over the ocean ensuring they do not cause marine pollution. In promoting the safety and security of ships as they traverse the ocean the IMO as mandated by its convention provides an Integrated Technical Co-operation Programme which ensures there are safe, secure and effective shipping services further protecting their waters and coasts from the environmental degradation caused by ships and other maritime associated activities. International Labour Organization (ILO) The role of the International Labour Organization is to promote its programme decent work for all as work is central to the well being of people. By providing work one gets income paving the way for social and economic advancement through strengthening of families and communities.  [32]  Therefore the major purpose of the ILO is to eradicate underdevelopment as stated in the Stockholm declaration which has caused many developing countries to lag behind. By securing decent work for all creates jobs as people can live sustainable livelihoods and ease pressure on the environment. The basic thrust of the programme in environmental affairs is to forge international consensus among governments, employers, workers and civil society that productive employment and decent work are key elements to achieving a fair globalization, reducing poverty and achieving equitable, inclusive, and sustainable development.  [33]<

Quotes on Catcher in the Rye :: essays research papers

Which African nation, South Africa or Nigeria, will have greater difficulty overcoming problems that stem from its colonial legacy? Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  South Africa will have a harder time overcoming its colonial legacy than Nigeria for a multitude of reasons. The first of many reasons, only three that I will touch on are as follows; the ways in which the settlers changed the beliefs of the African peoples, the second is how they cultivated the land the aboriginal people lived on and the third and final reason is the monetary value they used, and how they dispersed it to the Africans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the settlers settled on the South African continent they did not know much of anything the African people believed in. As a matter of fact they knew nothing at all. The aboriginal civilization had a belief in numerous gods, a polytheistic, religion. The settlers believed in one god, Jesus. This alone was a drastic change for the â€Å"savage† people to abide by. Those who did not follow the religion were punished and sought out by the new governing body that was England. These punishments were harsh and usually resulted in death or lashings. The Africans learned quickly not to openly pray to or speak of any other god than Jesus. Amounting with the beatings any type of pay or food that they may earn for working would be rationed or even taken away completely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second of the three reasons being touched on is that of the land. The English wanted to make money off of this continent of â€Å"ill cultured† people. So they put them to work and took spices and other valuables from them and sold them throughout the civilized nations. So in this adventure they built communities for their own armies and nobles to over see the construction and operations of business. They did not want to branch off and make South Africa a livable places for the nobles of England just a money spot to indulge on the less educated Africans. In doing so they disrupted the land and habitat that the Africans were used to and caused many diseases that they weren’t immune too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally the money that was given to and taken from the Africans was out of proportion. The money made in that day and age from the Africans was monolithic. They were not of the impression that they were getting the raw end of the deal because the English, although showing signs of tyranny did serve and treat the Africans well at times.

Cleopatra the Great - VII Essay --

The Great Man Theory was extremely prominent in the 19th century, originating from historian Thomas Carlyle, who stated that â€Å"The history of the world is but the biography of great men.† This mirrors his belief that heros shape history through their personal attributes and divine inspiration. According to this Great Man theory, history is written around the ‘Great Men’ or heroes who, due to their exceptional characteristics of charisma, intelligence, and wisdom utilize their power status to embark on a decisive historic imprint. This theory specifies on these heros’ historical events, being compared to their individual orders and decisions as rulers. In order to fit this title, individuals must use their power of leadership to protect and lead their country, seize given opportunities, possess machiavellianism characteristics, and be influential and captivated by their people. Cleopatra VII, an Egyptian Queen, had exquisite leadership skills which are a rgued to be better than any man’s, and she was honored and influenced by not only her people, but the world, through the hardships of war, famine, and the expansion of the Roman Empire. Her ideas, guiding principles, and public values influenced why she made the decisions she did. Thus, Cleopatra is the epitome of a ‘Great Man’, according to the criteria of the Great Man Theory. Cleopatra is a substantial leader because she was one of the first influential female leaders throughout her time on the throne, obtaining more power than any other female leader could achieve. Her leaderships were much different from other leaders which made her shine. Almost every Egyptian queen was named Cleopatra, however, the most famous of which was Cleopatra VII. She was born in Alexandria in 69 BCE... ...event makes her a ‘Great Man’ because she turned Egypt from a famished state, into a strong nation once again. She was able to use her intelligence to make allies to save her nation, and this is a very erioc stunt. She knew she was exiled from the throne, yet she went to a place where she was still considered of high authorities, and was able to organize an army to wage civil war on her brother. This is a remarkable event which allowed her to be remembered; she saved Egypt's’ state. This shows how she always acted to further her vision of a strong nation, equal in respect and stature to Rome. Lastly, it shows her determination to reign the throne, and became a mature leader in making Egypt great again. Thus, Cleopatra is applicable to the Great Man Theory. Cleopatra fits every little aspect of a ‘Great Man’. according to the criteria of the Great Man Theory.