Burke Litwin 1992 Essay

Change is depicted in terms of both process and content, with particular emphasis on transformational as compared with transactional factors. Transformational change occurs as a response to the external environment and directly affects organizational mission and strategy, the organiz. ations leadership, atid culture, lit ttirn, tfie transactional factors are affectedstrtictute. systems, counselling practices, and climate. These transformational and transactional factors together affect motivation, which, in turn, affects peifornumce.In support of the nonpluss potential validity, guess and research as wellaspraetke are cited. Orgatiization change is a kind of chaos (Gleick. 1987). The number of variables changing at the same lime, the magnitude of environmental change, and the frequent resistance of human systetns cteate a whole confluence of ptocesses that are exceedingly difficult to predict and almost impossible to control. Nevertheless, there are consistent patterns that exis tlinkages among classes of events that have been demonstrated repeatedly in the research literature and rouse be seen in actual organizations.The enormous and pervasive impact of culture and beliefs to the point where it causes organizations to do fundamentally unsound things ftom a business point of tantrumwould be such an observed phenotnenon. To build a most likely model describing the causes of organizational performance and change, we essential explore two important lines of thinking. First, we must understand more thoroughly how organizations function (i. e. , what leads to what). Second, given our tiiodel of causation, we must understand how organizations might be deliberately changed.The linkage typically is in the direction of theory and research to practice that is. to ground our consultation in what is known, what is theoretically and experientially sound. Creation of the tnodel to be presented in this article was not quite in that knowledge-to-practice direction, how ever. With reckon to theory, we sttongly believe in the open system framework, especially represented by Katz and Kahn (1978). Thus, any organizational model that we might develop would stem from an input-throughput-output, with a feedback loop, format.The tnodei presented hete is unimpeachably of that genre. In other wotds. the fundamental framework for the model evolved from theory. The components of the model and what causes what and in what order, on the other hand, have evolved frotn our practice. To risk stating what is often not politic to tackle in academic circles, we admit that the ultimate development of our causal model evolved from practice, not extensive theory or tesearch. What we are attempting with this article, therefore, is a theoretical and empirical justification of what we clearly believe works.To be candid, we acknowledge that our attempt is not unlike attribution theorywe are explaining our beliefs and actions ex post facto This seemed to have worked I won der if the literature supports our action. Our consulting efforts over a period of about 5 years with British Airways taught us a lotwhat changes seemed to have worked and what activities clearly did not. It was from these experiences that our model took form. As a case example, we refer to the work at British Airways later in this article. For a more recent overview of that change effort, . see Goodstein and hit (1991).